Since june 2002, pdv has accounted for over 2000 seal deaths around the danish and swedish coasts. Phylogenetic characterization of canine distemper viruses. Evaluating the influence of epidemiological parameters and. The wildtype phocine distemper virus was isolated in 1988 in verodogslam cells. Unlike most living things, viruses do not have cells that divide. We summarize the available data on this epidemic and use it to parameterize a stochastic compartmental model for an infection spreading through. The virus is believed to have originated in harp seals in which the infection is enzootic 4. Cdv is also known as a highly prevalent viral infectious disease of carnivores, posing a conservation threat to endangered species around the world 46. Canine distemper virus cdv and phocine distemper pdv are closelyrelated members of the paramyxoviridae family, genus morbillivirus, in the order mononegavirales. We examined the effect of different variables on the dynamics of the 2002. Phocine distemper with notes on bears disease link page. Phocine distemper virus in seals, east coast, united.
To date the morbillivirus genus in the paramyxoviridae family comprises five established members, namely canine distemper virus cdv, phocine distemper virus pdv, measles virus mv, rinderpest virus rpv, and pestedespetitsruminants virus pprv. We compared the viral hemagglutinin, phosphoprotein, and fusion f and matrix m protein gene sequences with those of viruses from the. Canine distemper virus cdv is the etiological agent of one the most infectious diseases of domestic dogs canis familiaris. Pdf persistence thresholds for phocine distemper virus. Humoral immune responses in seals infected by phocine distemper virus. Pdv has also been associated with seal deaths on the eastern coast of the united states and canada, which shows the persistent threat of this virus to atlantic marine mammal populations 2. Application of the traditional formulation, using different parameters for herds of different sizes, will give equally good results for nonlethal diseases. Emergence of deadly phocine distemper virus may be linked. This virus is a member of the genus morbillivirus which contains many viruses of veterinary importance including canine and phocine distemper viruses, rinderpest virus, virus of pestes des petites ruminants, and the recently documented equine morbillivirus. Both findings clearly demonstrate the presence of a widespread infection with phocine distemper virus or a closely related virus in harp seals.
Thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet. Phocine distemper virus an overview sciencedirect topics. While these conditions have been studied at length, there is little. The north sea european harbour seal phoca vitulina population has endured two phocine distemper virus pdv epidemics in 1988 and 2002. A virus is a tiny infectious agent that reproduces inside the cells of living hosts. Phocine distemper virus pdv has caused 2 epidemics in harbor seals in the atlantic ocean but had never been identified in any pacific ocean species. At least two morbillivirus family paramyxoviridae strains have been implicated in mustelid infections worldwide. Modelling the spread of phocine distemper virus among. Stanton jb, brown cc, poet s, lipscomb tp, saliki j, frasca s jr 2004 retroperspective differentiation of canine distemper virus and phocine distemper virus in. Persistence thresholds for phocine distemper virus. There are seven different species of morbillivirus, including the phocine distemper virus pdv currently causing seal deaths in european waters, particularly in denmark. Canine distemper virus cdv is the etiological agent of one the most important viral diseases of wild and domestic canidae dog, dingo, fox, coyote, jackal, and wolf. Your use of this pdf, the bioone complete website, and all posted and associated content indicates your.
Using data on pdv exposure and infection and animal movement in. Citeseerx document details isaac councill, lee giles, pradeep teregowda. This virus also infects a broad range of other animals, such as mustelidae ferrets, minks, skunks, weasels, and. Other animals, which can be infected with similar but different viruses, include dolphins and dogs, where the virus causes canine distemper. It also affects wolves, foxes, mink, raccoons, and ferrets. The most commonly reported pathology is virally induced demyelination of the cerebrum and brainstem which leaves axons bare and limits their conductivity of action potentials. Pdv is thought to be derived from cdv through contact between terrestrial carnivores and seals. Morbilliviruses constitute a major threat to the health of animal and man. Phocine distemper virus in northern sea otters in the pacific ocean, alaska, usa tracey goldstein, jonna a.
Phocine distemper virus in seals, east coast, united states, 2006 j. Hammond1 phocine distemper virus pdv has caused 2 epidemics in harbor seals in the atlantic ocean but had never been identified in any pacific ocean species. We isolated a virus from seal tissue and confi rmed it as phocine distemper virus pdv. It reached the swedish kattegatskagerrak area by 30 may, and then spread north to southern norway in midjune. Phocine distemper virus research sheds light on spread of. We isolated a virus from seal tissue and confirmed it as phocine distemper virus pdv. Backgroundoutbreaks of phocine distemper virus pdv in europe during 1988 and 2002 were responsible for the death of around 23,000 and 30,000 harbour seals, respectively. Even recently, it was proposed to rename the virus carnivore distemper. Phocine distemper virus pdv, a pathogen responsible for killing thousands of european harbor seals in the north atlantic in 2002, was identified in northern sea otters in alaska in 2004, raising. Synonym iother names i phocine morbillivirus phocid distemper virus phocid distemper virus pdv phocine distemper.
Phocine distemper virus pdv, which has caused extensive mortality in. We found that northern sea otters in alaska are infected with pdv, which has created a disease threat to several sympatric and decreasing pacific marine mammals. Distemper is caused by a filtrable virus that is airborne. We compared the viral hemagglutinin, phosphoprotein, and fusion f and matrix m protein gene sequences with. Listen to the audio pronunciation of phocine distemper virus on pronouncekiwi. Other animals, which can be infected with similar but different viruses, include dolphins and dogs, where the virus causes canine distemper against which most pet dogs are vaccinated. Identification and realtime pcr quantification of phocine. Viruses free fulltext canine and phocine distemper viruses.
That same year, a study found that harbor seals were protected from phocine distemper virus challenge using certain inactivated canine. There were marked regional differences in the values of some parameters both within. This virus is not suitable as control in molecular assays, but is intended for use in pathogenesis studies. However, especially for diseases with a low r 0 and high death rates, such as the phocine distemper virus pdv disease, the two model formulations give quite different results. Canine distemper virus cdv is transmitted to susceptible puppies through infected body fluids. In 2006 and 2007, elevated numbers of deaths among seals, constituting an unusual mortality event, occurred off the coasts of maine and massachusetts, united states. Cdv belongs to the paramyxoviridae family, genus morbillivirus, that includes viruses with epidemiological. Antibodies to phocine distemper virus were detected in 3% of 38 ursus americanus american black bears, 47% of 36 grizzly bears ursus arctos brown bear and 35% of 60 ursus maritimus polar bear in canada, from samples collected 19942001. Canine distemper virus cdv and phocine distemper pdv are. Essential component of the rna polymerase and the nascent chain assembly complex. Viruses free fulltext canine and phocine distemper. There is now mounting evidence of pdvlike viruses in the north pacificwestern arctic with serological and molecular evidence of infection in.
Since then, the epidemiology of infection in north atlantic and arctic pinnipeds has been investigated. Migrations of harp seals into the north sea may have initiated the epizootic in harbor seals. But unlike simpler infectious agents like prions, they contain genes, which allow them. Canine distemper virus cdv is an enveloped, singlestranded rna virus that has been taxonomically assigned to the order mononegavirales, family paramyxoviridae, and genus morbillivirus. Pdv was first identified in 1988 as the cause of death of 18,000 harbor seals phoca vitulina and 300 grey seals halichoerus grypus along the northern. There is now mounting evidence of pdvlike viruses in the north pacificwestern arctic with serological and molecular evidence of infection in pinnipeds and sea. It is closely related to the viruses that cause measles in man and rinderpest in ungulates. Phocids have been experimentally infected with canine distemper virus cdv and vaccinated against this pathogen as well. The prevalence of neutralizing serum antibodies against phocine distemper virus was found to be 98% in 1989. Pdf canine distemper virus cdv and phocine distemper pdv are.
In the western north atlantic endemic infection in harp and grey seals predates the european epidemic. Biological properties of phocine distemper virus and. Phocine distemper virus usa 2006 is most closely related to the 1988 strain and is believed to have emerged independently from 2002 european strains, allowing multiple lineages to arise and circulate among enzootically infected north american seals earle et al. We use as a case study the 1988 epidemic of phocine distemper virus in the north sea population of harbour seals, phoca vitulina. Marine mammal morbilliviruses are among the most pathogenic infectious agents to emerge in wildlife. A widespread outbreak in the uk cannot be ruled out.
When infected, the host cell is forced to rapidly produce thousands of identical copies of the original virus. Pdv has caused extensive mortality in atlantic seals and other marine mammals, and more. Identification and realtime pcr quantification of phocine distemper. The grey seal halichoerus grypus is a sympatric seal species that shows little or no mortality from pdv.
Phocine distemper virus pdv has caused very large, verywelldocumented epizootics in seals in europe. Diversity of susceptible hosts in canine distemper virus. In the western north atlantic endemic infection in harp and grey seals predates the european epidemic, with relatively small, localized mortality events. It was also speculated that several distemper outbreaks in mink were caused by contact with infective phocine distemper virus tissues. These agents produce illnesses in a diverse group of animals with remarkable clinical. Louise cosby in 2006 and 2007, elevated numbers of deaths among seals, constituting an unusual mortality event, occurred off the coasts of maine and massachusetts, united states. Phocine distemper virus pdv is a morbillivirus that has been responsible for the death of approximately 40,000 phocid seals in the last three decades. The infection spread to the north, wadden, and baltic seas, killing 17,00020,000 seals in northwestern europe in 8 months. Persistence thresholds for phocine distemper virus infection in.
Phocine distemper virus induced demyelination in the. Distemper virus, phocine article about distemper virus. Phocine distemper virus in northern sea otters in the. Viral emergence in marine mammals in the north pacific may be.
Citeseerx phocine distemper virus in seals, east coast. Persistence thresholds for phocine distemper virus infection in harbour seal phoca vitulina metapopulations. This paper explores the concept of the critical community size for persistence of infection in wildlife populations. Clinical signs include laboured breathing, fever and nervous symptoms. Since then, the epidemiology of infection in north. Phocine distemper virus information including symptoms, causes, diseases, symptoms, treatments, and other medical and health issues. Seals in the southwestern baltic became infected around 17 july, one month later than in 1988 fig. Gray seals in the northeastern atlantic ocean also were infected. Phocine distemper virus pdv infection was considered responsible for the deaths of. This stock was also produced and titrated in verodogslam cells.
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